Ðÿáöåâà. Îïðîñû îáùåñòâåííîãî ìíåíèÿ êàê èñòî÷íèê ïî èññëåäîâàíèþ ìàññîâîãî ñîçíàíèÿ ÑØÀ

×àñòü 1, 2, 3

Òàáëèöà 2.24

Âåðîÿòíîñòü âîéíû ìåæäó ÑØÀ è Ðîññèåé

Âîïðîñ: Êàê Âû äóìàåòå, ìîãóò ëè ÑØÀ (è äðóãèå çàïàäíûå ñòðàíû) ïðîäîëæàòü áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ìèðíî æèòü ñ Ðîññèåé èëè ðàíî èëè ïîçäíî ðàçðàçèòñÿ âîéíà? (â %)

Îòâåòû

1954

1959

1965

1988

1990

1991

Ìîãóò æèòü â ìèðå

23

43

40

60

63

66

Ðàçðàçèòñÿ âîéíà

64

42

44

37

31

26

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

13

15

15

3

8

6

 

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, May 1990, p. 19.

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.25

Îöåíêà óñèëèé ÑÑÑÐ ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ ìèðà

Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû äóìàåòå, ÑÑÑÐ äåëàåò âñå âîçìîæíîå, ÷òîáû ñîõðàíèòü ìèð âî âñåì ìèðå? (â %)

 

Îòâåò

1981

1983

1985

1987

1990

Äà

7

8

10

21

31

Íåò

84

81

81

68

63

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

9

11

9

11

6

 

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, May 1990, p. 20.

 

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.26

Âîçìîæíîñòü ìèðíîãî óðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ìåæäó Ðîññèåé è Çàïàäîì

Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû äóìàåòå, âîçìîæíî ëè ìèðíîå óðåãóëèðîâàíèå ìåæäó Ðîññèåé è Çàïàäîì? (â %)

Îòâåò

1960

1961

1962

1990

1. Âîçìîæíî

66

50

53

84

2.Íåâîçìîæíî

23

27

34

13

3.Íåò ìíåíèÿ

11

23

13

3

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, May 1990, p. 20.

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.27

Ìíåíèÿ àìåðèêàíöåâ î ïðèîðèòåòàõ öåëÿõ Ðîññèè

Âîïðîñ: Êàêîâî âàøå ìíåíèå, êàêîå èç óòâåðæäåíèé ëó÷øå âñåãî   îïèñûâàåò ïðèîðèòåòíûå öåëè Ðîññèè? (â %)

Óòâåðæäåíèÿ:

1.        Ðîññèÿ òîëüêî  ñòðåìèòñÿ îáåçîïàñèòü ñåáÿ îò âîçìîæíîãî íàïàäåíèÿ äðóãîé ñòðàíû

2.        Ðîññèÿ ñòðåìèòñÿ ñîïåðíè÷àòü ñ ÑØÀ çà áîëüøåå âëèÿíèå â ðàçëè÷íûõ ÷àñòÿõ ìèðà.

3.        Ðîññèÿ ñòðåìèòñÿ ê ãëîáàëüíîìó äîìèíèðîâàíèþ, íî íå ïóòåì ðàçâÿçûâàíèÿ ãëîáàëüíîé âîéíû.

4.        Ðîññèÿ ñòðåìèòñÿ ê ãëîáàëüíîìó äîìèíèðîâàíèþ è áóäåò ïûòàòüñÿ äàæå ðàçâÿçàòü ìèðîâóþ âîéíó, åñëè äðóãèå ñðåäñòâà íå ïîìîãóò â äîñòèæåíèè ýòîé öåëè.

 

Îòâåò

1978

1979

1980

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1

7

9

6

9

8

8

9

12

12

12

77

2

25

30

18

18

23

29

30

31

34

41

-

3

34

37

34

35

34

35

36

37

33

26

20

4

23

18

39

34

29

20

18

17

11

11

-

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  1990 ã. óòâåðæäåíèÿ ¹ 2 è ¹ 4 íå áûëè âêëþ÷åíû â îòâåò.

-  The American Enterprise, Jan./Feb. 1990, p.91.

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.28

Âîçìîæíîñòü ñîâåòñêî-àìåðèêàíñêîãî âîåííîãî êîíôëèêòà

Âîïðîñ: Âîçìîæíî ëè, íà âàø âçãëÿä, ñòîëêíîâåíèå ìåæäó âîéñêàìè ÑØÀ è ÑÑÑÐ â áëèæàéøèå  10 ëåò? (â %)

Ãðóïïû ðåñïîíäåíòîâ

 

 

Ñîãëàñåí

Íå ñîãëàñåí

Íå çíàþ

1.Ìóæ÷èíû, îêîí÷èâøèå êîëëåäæ

24

75

1

2.Æåíùèíû, îêîí÷èâøèå êîëëåäæ

37

61

2

3. Ìóæ÷èíû, íå îêîí÷èâøèå êîëëåäæ

39

59

2

4.Æåíùèíû, îêîí÷èâøèå êîëëåäæ

50

47

3

 

-  Americans Talk Security. Martilla & Kelley for ATS, No 4, August 1988, Full Survey Report, Storrs, Connecticut, p. 270.

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.29

Îöåíêà îáùåñòâåííîñòüþ âîåííîé ìîùè ÑØÀ è ÑÑÑÐ

 

Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû ñ÷èòàåòå, ÑØÀ ïðåâîñõîäÿò ÑÑÑÐ ïî âîåííîé ìîùè (1), íàõîäÿòñÿ íà ðàâíûõ (2), èëè íå òàê ñèëüíû, êàê ÑÑÑÐ (3)? (â %)

 

 

Ãîä

Îòâåò

 

1

2

3

1978

12

32

42

1979

11

30

43

1980

14

34

42

1981

11

39

42

1982

9

37

44

1983

12

36

42

1985

16

50

26

1987

14

44

31

1988

11

49

36

 

-          Public Opinion, Nov./Dec/ 1987, p.28/

-          Americans Talk Security. 1989. Compendium. Boston: ATS, p. 101.

 

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.30

Âåðîÿòíîñòü âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ìèðîâîé/ÿäåðíîé âîéíû

(ìíåíèå ðåñïîíäåíòîâ 33 ñòðàí ìèðà)

 

Âîïðîñ: ß áû õîòåë çíàòü âàøå ìíåíèå î âîçìîæíîñòè âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ìèðîâîé/ÿäåðíîé âîéíû â áëèæàéøèå äåñÿòü ëåò.

 

 

 

 

50% è áîëåå

10-40%

0%

Íå çíàþ

1.Åâðîïà (18)

20

41

31

8

2.Àçèÿ/Àâñòðàëèÿ

25

32

34

9

3.Àìåðèêà (8)

40

31

24

5

Âñåãî 33 ñòðàíû, âêëþ÷àÿ Þæíóþ Àôðèêó

27

36

29

8

 

- The Gallup Report, 1986, No 255, p.22.

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.31

Âåðîÿòíîñòü âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ìèðîâîé/ÿäåðíîé âîéíû

(ìíåíèå ðåñïîíäåíòîâ ÑØÀ)

Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû äóìàåòå, áóäóò ëè ÑØÀ âîâëå÷åíû â ìèðîâóþ/ÿäåðíóþ âîéíó â áëèæàéøèå 5 ëåò? (â %)

 

Äàòà

1950

1952

1954

1957

1958

1959

Äà

65

66

50

35

24

23

Äàòà

1960

1961

1961

1962

1963

1965

Äà

47

44

53

78

24

34

Äàòà

1982

1983

1984

1985

1987

1988

Äà

47

44

42

44

44

30

 

- A Compendium of Survey Data. The NORC Social Survey, New York, 1989, p.565.

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.32

Îòíîøåíèå ê ðàñõîäàì íà îáîðîíó

 Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû äóìàåòå, òðàòèì ëè ìû ñëèøêîì ìàëî, ñëèøêîì ìíîãî èëè äîñòàòî÷íî íà àðìèþ, âîîðóæåíèå è îáîðîíó? (â %)

Äàòà

Ñëèøêîì ìàëî

Ñëèøêîì ìíîãî

Äîñòàòî÷íî

Íå çíàþ

NORC

 

 

 

 

1975 àïðåëü

17

31

46

6

1976 àïðåëü

24

27

42

6

1977 àïðåëü

24

23

45

8

1978 àïðåëü

27

22

44

8

1980 àïðåëü

56

12

26

6

1982 àïðåëü

29

30

36

5

1983 àïðåëü

24

32

38

6

1984 àïðåëü

17

38

41

4

1985 àïðåëü

14

40

42

3

1986 àïðåëü

16

40

38

5

1987 àïðåëü

15

41

41

4

1988 àïðåëü

16

38

40

6

GALLUP

 

 

 

 

1969

8

52

31

9

1971

11

50

31

8

1973

13

46

30

11

1976

22

36

32

10

1981

51

15

22

12

1982

16

41

31

12

1983

21

37

36

6

1985

11

46

36

4

1986

13

47

36

4

1987

14

44

36

6

1990

15

41

40

5

 

-          Public Opinion, March/April 1988, pp. 24-25.

-          The Gallup Poll Monthly, August 1990, p. 16.

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.33

Îòíîøåíèå àìåðèêàíöåâ ê äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïðåçèäåíòà Ð. Ðåéãàíà

â îáëàñòè ñîâåòñêî-àìåðèêàíñêèõ îòíîøåíèé

Âîïðîñ: À òåïåðü ðàçðåøèòå ìíå ñïðîñèòü âàñ î íåêîòîðûõ âíåøíåïîëèòè÷åñêèõ è âíóòðåííèõ ïðîáëåìàõ. Ïîääåðæèâàåòå âû èëè íå ïîääåðæèâàåòå äåÿòåëüíîñòü ïðåçèäåíòà Ð. Ðåéãàíà â ðàçðåøåíèè ýòèõ ïðîáëåì?       - Âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ñ ÑÑÑÐ. (â %).

 

Äàòà

Ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íå ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

1981ã.

 

 

 

Ìàðò

58

19

23

Àïðåëü

56

17

27

ìàé

53

23

24

Èþíü

48

25

27

Îêòÿáðü

53

25

22

Äåêàáðü

53

29

18

1982

 

 

 

ßíâàðü

47

33

22

Ôåâðàëü

49

33

18

Ìàðò

41

36

23

Àïðåëü

44

36

20

Èþíü

49

31

20

Îêòÿáðü

40

35

25

1983 ã.

 

 

 

Àïðåëü

41

37

22

Àâãóñò

41

36

23

Îêòÿáðü

44

43

13

1984 ã.

 

 

 

Ôåâðàëü

43

42

15

Ìàé

46

40

14

1985 ã.

 

 

 

ßíâàðü

54

31

15

Ìàðò

53

34

13

Èþëü

52

31

17

1986 ã.

 

 

 

ßíâàðü

65

22

13

Àïðåëü

57

29

14

äåêàáðü

53

36

11

1987 ã.

 

 

 

Àïðåëü

48

42

10

Èþíü

57

35

8

Àâãóñò

59

33

8

1988

 

 

 

Ìàðò

70

20

10

 

- The Gallup Report, March, 1988, p. 21.

Òàáëèöà 2.34

Îòíîøåíèå àìåðèêàíöåâ ê äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïðåçèäåíòà Ð. Ðåéãàíà â îáëàñòè ñîâåòñêî-àìåðèêàíñêèõ ïåðåãîâîðîâ ïî ÿäåðíîìó âîîðóæåíèþ

Âîïðîñ: Ïîääåðæèâàåòå âû èëè íå ïîääåðæèâàåòå äåÿòåëüíîñòü ïðåçèäåíòà Ð. Ðåéãàíà â ðàçðåøåíèè ýòèõ ïðîáëåì?  - Ñîâåòñêî-àìåðèêàíñêèå ïåðåãîâîðû ïî ÿäåðíîìó âîîðóæåíèþ. (â %)

Äàòà

Ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íå ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

1983

45

40

15

1984

47

37

16

1985

52

32

16

1986

57

27

16

1987

54

35

11

1988

61

28

6

 

- The Gallup Report, March 1988, p. 22.

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.35

Ðåéòèíã Ì. Ãîðáà÷åâà

                               Âîïðîñ: ß áû õîòåë çíàòü âàøå ìíåíèå î ñîâåòñêîì ðóêîâîäèòåëå

Ì. Ãîðáà÷åâå. (â %)

Èñòî÷íèê

Äàòà

Áëàãîïðèÿòí.

Íåáëàãîïðèÿòí.

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

Âàøèíãòîí Ïîñò

1985

39

35

26

Ëîñ-Àíäæåëåñ Òàéìñ

1985

33

19

48

Âàøèíãòîí Ïîñò

1986

63

27

10

Ãýëëàï/Òàéìñ Ìèððîð

1987

40

38

22

Àìåð. Òîê Ñåêüþðèòè

1987

66

22

12

Íüþ-Éîðê Òàéìñ

1987

38

16

48

Âàøèíãòîí Ïîñò

1987

59

35

6

Àìåð. Òîê Ñåêüþðèòè

1988

72

23

6

Ãýëëàï/Òàéìñ Ìèððîð

1988

56

30

14

Íüþ-Éîðê Òàéìñ

1988

39

13

48

Âàøèíãòîí Ïîñò

1989

71

24

5

Íüþ-Éîðê Òàéìñ

1989

47

8

45

Àìåð.Ïðåññ/Ìåäèà Äæ

1989

68

16

15

Àìåð. Òîê Ñåêüþðèòè

1990

81

8

11

 

- The American Enterprise, Jan./Feb. 1990, p.95.

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 2.36

Îöåíêà ïîìîùè ÑØÀ Ñîâåòñêîìó Ñîþçó

Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû äóìàåòå, ÑØÀ äåëàþò áîëüøå ÷åì äîñòàòî÷íî, äîñòàòî÷íî èëè íåäîñòàòî÷íî, ÷òîáû ïîìî÷ü ÑÑÑÐ â åãî òåïåðåøíåé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè? (â %)

Îòâåò

1991

èþëü

1991

àâãóñò

1991

äåêàáðü

1992

àïðåëü

Áîëüøå, ÷åì äîñòàòî÷íî

20

19

35

36

Äîñòàòî÷íî

64

62

44

39

Íåäîñòàòî÷íî

9

15

16

21

Íå çíàþ

7

4

5

4

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: â 1992 ã. «ÑÑÑл çàìåíåíî íà «áûâøåìó Ñîâåòñêîìó Ñîþçó»

-          The Gallup Poll Monthly, April 1992, p. 23.

-          The Gallup Poll Monthly, July 1992, p. 25.

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.1

Îñâåäîìëåííîñòü àìåðèêàíöåâ î ñîáûòèÿõ â Íèêàðàãóà

Âîïðîñ: ×èòàëè ëè âû èëè ÷òî-ëèáî ñëûøàëè î âîåííûõ ñòîëêíîâåíèÿõ ìåæäó âîéñêàìè ñàíäèíèñòñêîãî ïðàâèòåëüñòâà â Íèêàðàãóà è ïîâñòàíöàìè, ïûòàþùèìèñÿ ñâåðãíóòü ýòî ïðàâèòåëüñòâî?

Îòâåò / äàòà

 %

1983

èþëü

1983

íîÿá.

1984

ÿíâàðü

1985

ìàðò

1985

èþíü

1986

ìàðò

1986

àïðåëü

Äà, ÷èòàë èëè ñëûøàë

59

51

58

81

74

72

78

Íåò, íå ÷èòàë è íå ñëûøàë

39

46

39

18

25

25

21

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

2

3

3

1

1

1

1

- Public Opinion, September – October 1987, p.25

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.2

Çíàíèå îáùåñòâåííîñòè î ïîääåðæêå ÑØÀ ïîâñòàíöåâ â Íèêàðàãóà

Âîïðîñ: Çíàåòå ëè âû, ÷üþ ñòîðîíó ïîääåðæèâàþò ÑØÀ â Íèêàðàãóà: ïîâñòàíöåâ èëè ïðàâèòåëüñòâà?

Äàòà/îòâåò â %

Ïîâñòàíöåâ

Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

1983 èþëü

29

24

47

1983 àâãóñò

22

45

33

1983 íîÿáðü

26

24

50

1984 ÿíâàðü

25

27

48

1985 ìàðò

37

23

40

1985 èþíü

46

20

34

1986 ìàðò

59

13

28

1987 ìàé

52

21

27

1987 àâãóñò

54

20

26

 

- Public Opinion, September – October 1987, p.25

 

 

 

         Òàáëèöà 3.3

Ïðîáëåìà ¹1, ñòîÿùàÿ ïåðåä ñòðàíîé

Âîïðîñ: Êàêàÿ, íà âàø âçãëÿä, íàèáîëåå âàæíàÿ ïðîáëåìà (¹ 1) ñåé÷àñ ñòîèò ïåðåä ñòðàíîé? Îòâåò: Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Àìåðèêà (â %)

Äàòà

1983 îêò.

1983 íîÿá.

1984 ÿíâ.

1984 ôåâð.

1984 îêò.

 

5

3

2

4

7

 

- A Compendium of Survey Data. The Social Survey, New York, 1989, p. 33

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.4

Ìíåíèå îáùåñòâåííîñòè îá óãðîçå, èñõîäÿùåé îò Íèêàðàãóà

Âîïðîñ: Äóìàåòå ëè âû, ÷òî ñèòóàöèÿ â Íèêàðàãóà ÿâëÿåòñÿ óãðîçîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ÑØÀ? Åñëè äà, òî ñèëüíàÿ îíà èëè ñëàáàÿ?

Îòâåò / äàòà

 %

1983

íîÿáðü

1984

ÿíâàðü

1986

ìàðò

1986

ìàðò

1986

àïðåëü

ßâëÿåòñÿ óãðîçîé

51

53

49

56

56

Ñèëüíîé

29

28

27

29

32

Ñëàáîé

22

25

22

27

24

Íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ óãðîçîé

29

32

43

31

37

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

20

5

3

13

7

 

- The Gallup Report, July 1988, p. 32

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.5

Îòíîøåíèå îáùåñòâåííîñòè ê ïîìîùè “êîíòðàñ” â Íèêàðàãóà

 

Èñòî÷íèê / äàòà (â %)

Ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íå ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

ÑèÁèÝñ/ÍÉÒ îêò.1984

30

44

26

ÑèÁèÝñ/ÍÉÒ ìàé.1985

24

66

10

ÑèÁèÝñ/ÍÉÒ àïð.1986

33

60

3

ÝéÁèÑè/ÂÏ àïð.1986

28

65

7

ÝéÁèÑè/ÂÏ èþíü1986

29

62

9

ÝéÁèÑè/ÂÑÄæ.íîÿá.

26

54

20

ÑèÁèÝñ/ÍÉÒ íîÿáðü

25

58

17

ÝéÁèÑè/ÂÏ ÿíâ.1987

22

70

8

ÑèÁèÝñ/ÍÉÒ ÿíâ.1987

28

60

12

ÝéÁèÑè/ÂÏ ìàðò 1987

29

67

4

ÝéÁèÑè/ÂÏ ìàé 1987

22

74

4

ÝéÁèÑè/ÂÏ èþëü 1987

43

46

11

ÑèÁèÝñ/ÍÉÒ èþëü 1987.

35

51

14

ÝéÁèÑè/ÂÏ àâã.1987

36

59

5

 

ÍÉÒ – Íüþ-Éîðê Òàéìñ

ÂÏ – Âàøèíãòîí Ïîñò

ÂÑÄæ. – Âîëë Ñòðèò Äæîðíàë

- Public Opinion, September – October 1987, p. 24

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.6

Îöåíêà äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïðåçèäåíòà Ð. Ðåéãàíà â ñâÿçè ñ ñèòóàöèåé â Íèêàðàãóà

Âîïðîñ: Ïîääåðæèâàåòå âû èëè íå ïîääåðæèâàåòå äåÿòåëüíîñòü ïðåçèäåíòà Ð. Ðåéãàíà â ñâÿçè ñ ñèòóàöèåé â Íèêàðàãóà? (â %)

Äàòà

Ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íå ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

1983 èþëü

33

48

19

1986 ìàðò

37

47

16

1986 ìàðò

36

48

16

1986 ìàðò

37

52

11

1986 àïðåëü.

47

40

13

1986 ìàé

44

40

16

1986 èþíü

45

44

11

1987 ÿíâàðü

29

61

10

1988 ìàðò

40

51

9

 

- The Gallup Report, July 1988, p. 28

 

Òàáëèöà 3.7

Ñðàâíåíèå ðåéòèíãà Ð. Ðåéãàíà:

 â öåëîì êàê ïðåçèäåíòà (1), â îáëàñòè âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè (2), â ñâÿçè ñ ñèòóàöèåé â Íèêàðàãóà (3)

 

Îáëàñòü äåÿòåëüíîñòè / äàòà â %

Ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íå ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

(1), 1986 èþëü

63

28

9

(2), 1986 èþëü

51

35

14

(3), 1986 àïðåëü

35

42

23

(1), 1986 ìàðò

65

32

3

(2), 1986 ôåâðàëü

61

35

4

(3),1986 ìàðò

37

47

6

(1),1986 ÿíâàðü

50

48

2

(2),1986 ÿíâàðü

36

60

4

(3),1986 ÿíâàðü

29

61

10

 

- The Gallup Report, July 1988, p. 29

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.8

Ñèìïàòèè àìåðèêàíöåâ ê Èçðàèëþ è àðàáàì

Âîïðîñ: Â ñâÿçè ñ ñèòóàöèåé íà Áëèæíåì Âîñòîêå êîìó âû áîëüøå ñèìïàòèçèðóåòå Èçðàèëþ èëè ïàëåñòèíñêèì àðàáàì? (â %).

 

Äàòà / îòâåò

Èçðàèëþ

Àðàáàì

Íè òåì, íè äð.

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

1967 èþíü

56

4

25

15

1969 ÿíâàðü

50

5

28

17

1970 ìàðò

44

3

32

21

1973 äåêàáðü

50

7

25

18

1975 ÿíâàðü

44

8

22

26

1977 äåêàáðü

44

10

27

19

1978 íîÿáðü

39

13

30

18

1979 ÿíâàðü

40

14

31

15

1981 àâãóñò

44

11

34

11

1982 ìàé

51

12

26

11

1986 ìàé

43

20

20

17

1988 äåêàáðü

46

24

16

14

1989 àâãóñò

50

14

15

21

1990 îêòÿáðü

48

23

19

10

1991 ôåâðàëü

64

7

19

10

1991 ìàðò

60

17

16

7

 

-The Gallup Poll Monthly, March 1991, p. 38

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, August 1991, p.28

 

Òàáëèöà 3.9

Ðåéòèíã Èçðàèëÿ â ñðàâíåíèè ñ äðóãèìè ñòðàíàìè ðåãèîíà

(â %)

Ñòðàíà

1990 ôåâðàëü

1991 ôåâðàëü

1991 ìàðò

1991 àâãóñò

1.Åãèïåò

-

66

66

63

2.Èçðàèëü

44

79

69

62

3.Ñàóä.Àðàâèÿ

-

-

-

56

4.Èîðäàíèÿ

-

-

22

30

5.Ñèðèÿ

-

-

-

23

6.Èðàí

7

13

14

13

7.Èðàê

-

4

7

7

 

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, August 1991, p.28

 

Òàáëèöà 3.10

Îòíîøåíèå àìåðèêàíöåâ ê ìèðíîìó óðåãóëèðîâàíèþ

àðàáî-èçðàèëüñêîãî êîíôëèêòà

Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû äóìàåòå, íàñòóïèò ëè âðåìÿ, êîãäà Èçðàèëü è àðàáû ñóìåþò ïðåîäîëåòü âñå ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ è æèòü â ìèðå?

 

Äàòà / îòâåò

Äà

Íåò

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

1991 àâãóñò

52

44

4

1991 ìàðò

54

41

5

1990 îêòÿáðü

46

49

5

1988 ìàé

55

37

8

 

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, August 1991, p.27

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.11

Àìåðèêàíöû î ñîçäàíèè íåçàâèñèìîãî Ïàëåñòèíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà

 íà îêêóïèðîâàííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ

Âîïðîñ: Ïîääåðæèâàåòå âû èëè íå ïîääåðæèâàåòå ñîçäàíèå íåçàâèñèìîãî Ïàëåñòèíñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, îêêóïèðîâàííûõ Èçðàèëåì âî âðåìÿ âîéíû 1967 ãîäà?

Äàòó / îòâåò

Ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íå ïîääåðæèâàþ

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

1988 ìàé

38

30

32

1990 îêòÿáðü

41

32

27

1991 ìàðò

46

31

23

 

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, March 1991, p. 35

 

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.12

Âîñïðèÿòèå àìåðèêàíöàìè îòíîøåíèé ìåæäó ÑØÀ è ßïîíèåé

Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû äóìàåòå, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ÑØÀ è ßïîíèåé ÿâëÿþòñÿ î÷åíü õîðîøèìè, õîðîøèìè, ïëîõèìè?

Îòâåò: Îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ÑØÀ è ßïîíèåé â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ î÷åíü õîðîøèìè + õîðîøèìè (â %).

 

1980

1981

1983

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

61

54

64

60

60

50

49

46

42

 

- The American Enterprise, November – December 1990, p. 90.

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.13

Âîñïðèÿòèå ßïîíèè ÷åðåç òîðãîâûå îòíîøåíèÿ

Âîïðîñ: Âëèÿåò ëè ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå òîðãîâëè ìåæäó ÑØÀ è ßïîíèåé íà âàøå âîñïðèÿòèå ßïîíèè? Åñëè äà, òî êàê: îòíîøåíèå ñòàëî ìåíåå äðóæåñòâåííîå èëè áîëåå äðóæåñòâåííîå?

Îòâåò: Îòíîøåíèå ñòàëî ìåíåå äðóæåñòâåííîå (â %).

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

13

15

19

19

26

32

 

- The American Enterprise, November – December 1990, p. 90.

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.14

Îòíîøåíèå àìåðèêàíöåâ ê îòïðàâêå âîéñê â Ñàóäîâñêóþ Àðàâèþ

Âîïðîñ: Ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ñîáûòèé ñî âðåìåíè ïåðâîé îòïðàâêè âîéñê â Ñàóäîâñêóþ Àðàâèþ, äóìàåòå ëè âû, ÷òî îòïðàâêà âîéñê ÑØÀ â Ñàóäîâñêóþ Àðàâèþ áûëà îøèáêîé èëè íåò? (â %)

Äàòà /îòâåò

Äà,

îøèáêà

Íåò,

íå îøèáêà

Íåò

ìíåíèÿ

Íåò íå îøèáêà

Æåí. ÷åðíûå

1991, ôåâðàëü 7-10

21

76

3

69

40

1991, ÿíâàðü 30

18

80

2

75

47

1991, ÿíâàðü 23 –26

18

77

5

72

54

1991, ÿíâàðü 17 – 20

16

80

4

76

62

1991, ÿíâàðü 11 – 13

29

65

6

55

35

1991, ÿíâàðü 3 – 6

31

61

8

52

31

 

 

 

 

 

 

1990, äåêàáðü 6-9

28

66

6

60

47

1990, íîÿáðü 29-äåê. 2

29

66

5

59

38

1990, íîÿáðü 15-18

27

65

8

60

34

1990, íîÿáðü 1-4

25

67

8

61

44

1990, îêòÿáðü 25-28

24

71

5

66

59

1990, îêòÿáðü 18-21

26

67

7

59

43

1990, îêòÿáðü 11-14

26

68

6

58

43

1990, îêòÿáðü 3-4

21

71

8

64

46

1990, ñåíòÿáðü 27-30

20

73

7

68

49

1990, ñåíòÿáðü 14-16

18

73

9

67

45

1990, ñåíòÿáðü 10-11

19

76

5

70

50

1990, àâãóñò 30-ñåíò.2

16

76

8

68

59

1990, àâãóñò 23-26

18

76

6

68

61

1990, àâãóñò 16-19

17

75

8

66

55

 

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, January 1991, p. 34

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, February 1991, p. 6

- The American Enterprise, March – April 1991, p. 75

 

Òàáëèöà 3.15

Âíèìàíèå àìåðèêàíöåâ ê íîâîñòÿì î ñèòóàöèè

â Ïåðñèäñêîì çàëèâå

Âîïðîñ: Íà ñêîëüêî âíèìàòåëüíî âû ñëåäèòå çà íîâîñòÿìè î ñèòóàöèè â ðàéîíå Ïåðñèäñêîãî çàëèâà?

Îòâåò: î÷åíü âíèìàòåëüíî (1), âíèìàòåëüíî (2), íå î÷åíü âíèìàòåëüíî (3), ñîâñåì íå ñëåæó (4), íåò ìíåíèÿ (5). (â %).

 

Äàòà / îòâåòû

1

2

3

4

5

 

1991, ôåâðàëü 22

39

39

20

2

-

1991, ôåâðàëü 15

43

43

10

3

1

1991, ôåâðàëü 7-10

55

38

10

3

1

1991, ÿíâàðü 23-26

59

34

6

1

-

1991, ÿíâàðü 17-20

70

27

3

-

-

1991, ÿíâàðü11-13

50

41

8

1

1

1991, ÿíâàðü3-6

41

47

10

2

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

1990, äåêàáðü 13-16

44

45

10

1

-

1990, íîÿáðü 15-18

33

45

17

5

-

1990, îêòÿáðü 18-21

38

46

13

3

-

1990, ñåíòÿáðü 14-16

43

43

12

2

-

1990, àâãóñò 16-19

45

42

11

2

-

1990, àâãóñò 9-12

40

43

12

5

-

1990, àâãóñò 3-4

18

39

25

18

-

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: ñ 17 – 20 ÿíâàðÿ âîïðîñ ñòàë çâó÷àòü: íàñêîëüêî âíèìàòåëüíî âû ñëåäèòå çà íîâîñòÿìè î âòîðæåíèè Èðàêà â Êóâåéò? À ñ 16 – 19 àâãóñòà â âîïðîñ äîáàâèëè: «è îòïðàâêîé âîéñê ÑØÀ â Ñàóäîâñêóþ Àðàâèþ».

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, February 1991, p.6

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.16

Ïðåäïîëàãàåìàÿ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü âîåííûõ

Äåéñòâèé ïðîòèâ Èðàêà

 

Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû äóìàåòå, êàê äîëãî ïðîäëÿòñÿ äåéñòâèÿ ÑØÀ ïðîòèâ Èðàêà?

 

 

 

Äàòà

Äíè

Íåäåëè

Ìåñÿöû

Ãîä

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

1991, ôåâðàëü 24

14

45

24

4

13

1991, ôåâðàëü 22

13

39

30

7

11

1991, ôåâðàëü 15

3

31

48

10

8

1991, ôåâðàëü 7-10

2

15

63

16

4

1991, ÿíâàðü 23-26

2

12

62

19

5

1991, ÿíâàðü 24-25

1

11

63

18

7

1991, ÿíâàðü 19-22

2

29

49

12

8

1991, ÿíâàðü 17-20

4

39

39

8

10

1991, ÿíâàðü 16

17

39

23

5

16

1991, ÿíâàðü 10-11+

9

25

36

20

10

1990,îêòÿáðü18-19+

10

19

35

28

8

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: «+» – åñëè ÑØÀ íà÷íóò âîåííûå äåéñòâèÿ ïðîòèâ Èðàêà

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, February 1991, p. 18

 

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.17

Ïðåäïîëàãàåìîå êîëè÷åñòâî óáèòûõ àìåðèêàíöåâ âî âðåìÿ

âîåííûõ äåéñòâèé ïðîòèâ Èðàêà

Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû äóìàåòå, âî âðåìÿ âîåííûõ äåéñòâèé ïðîòèâ Èðàêà êîëè÷åñòâî óáèòûõ àìåðèêàíñêèõ ñîëäàò ñîñòàâèò

Îòâåò / äàòà

(â%)

1991

ôåâ.24

1991

ôåâ.22

1991

ôåâ.7

1991

ÿíâ.17

1991

ÿíâ.10

1991+

ÿíâ.18

1990+

îêò.18

Ìåíåå 100

10

10

6

12

12

4

6

Íåñê. ñîò

31

22

21

24

21

11

15

Äî òûñÿ÷è

20

20

17

16

14

13

15

Íåñê.òûñÿ÷

20

28

39

29

28

44

35

Äåñÿòêè òûñÿ÷

3

5

8

4

4

18

18

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

16

15

9

15

21

10

11

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: «+» – åñëè ÑØÀ íà÷íóò âîåííûå äåéñòâèÿ ïðîòèâ Èðàêà.

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, February 1991, p. 18

 

Òàáëèöà 3.18

Ðîñò öåí íà áåíçèí (ïî ðåãèîíàì)

Âîïðîñ: Êàê âû äóìàåòå, íà ñêîëüêî âîçðîñëè öåíû íà áåíçèí â âàøåì ðåãèîíå? (â %).

 

 ñðåäíåì

Âîñòîê

Ñðåä.Çàïàä

Þã

Çàïàä

1-5 öåíòîâ

9

14

5

8

10

6-9 öåíòîâ

12

17

7

11

12

10 öåíòîâ

16

19

9

17

19

11-14 öåíòîâ

10

12

7

11

9

15 öåíòîâ

10

10

12

8

13

16-20 öåíòîâ

18

11

20

23

17

21-25 öåíòîâ

8

4

14

7

8

26 öåíòîâ è áîëåå

9

5

16

8

5

Íåò ìíåíèÿ

8

8

10

7

7

 

-The Gallup Poll Monthly, August, 1990, p.10                                                     

                              

 

Òàáëèöà 3.19

Ìíåíèå àìåðèêàíöåâ îá ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè â ñòðàíå

Âîïðîñ: Íà âàø  âçãëÿä, íàñêîëüêî ñåðüåçíà ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ â ÑØÀ?

 

Äàòà / îòâåò

(â %)

Î÷åíü

ñåðüåçíàÿ

 Íå î÷åíü

ñåðüåçíàÿ

Ñîâñåì

íåñåðüåçíàÿ

Íåò

ìíåíèÿ

1991, ôåâðàëü 7-10

40

44

14

2

1990, àâãóñò 9-12

28

45

23

4

1979, àâãóñò

47

35

16

2

1978, àïðåëü

41

39

15

5

1977, ìàé

44

41

12

3

 

- The Gallup Poll Monthly, February 1991, p. 37

 

 

Òàáëèöà 3.20

Äîâåðèå îáùåñòâåííîñòè ðàçëè÷íûì èíñòèòóòàì ãîñóäàðñòâà

Âîïðîñ: ß ïðî÷òó âàì ñïèñîê îñíîâíûõ èíñòèòóòîâ ãîñóäàðñòâà ÑØÀ. Ïîæàëóéñòà, îòâåòüòå ìíå, íàñêîëüêî âû äîâåðÿåòå èì: î÷åíü ñèëüíî, äîñòàòî÷íî ñèëüíî, â íåêîòîðîé ñòåïåíè, î÷åíü ìàëî.

Îòâåò: «î÷åíü ñèëüíî» + «äîñòàòî÷íî ñèëüíî» (â %).

Èíñòèòóò

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

1986

1985

Àðìèÿ

85

68

63

58

61

63

61

Ðåëèã. Îðãàíèçàöèè

62

56

52

59

61

57

66

Âåðõîâíûé Ñóä

47

47

56

52

54

56

51

Îáùåñò. Øêîëû

47

45

43

49

50

49

48

Ãàçåòû

38

39

-

36

31

37

35

Áàíêè

-

36

42

49

51

51

51

Ïðîôñîþçû

-

27

-

26

26

29

28

Êðóïíûé áèçíåñ

-

25

-

-

28

31

29

Òåëåâèäåíèå

-

25

-

27

28

27

29

Êîíãðåññ

24

24

32

35

-

41

39

 

1984

1983

1981

1979

1977

1975

1973

 

Àðìèÿ

58

53

50

54

57

58

-

Ðåëèã. Îðãàíèçàöèè

64

62

64

65

64

68

66

Âåðõîâíûé Ñóä

51

42

46

45

46

49

44

Îáùåñò. Øêîëû

47

39

42

53

54

-

58

Ãàçåòû

34

38

35

51

-

-

39

Áàíêè

51

51

46

60

-

-

-

Ïðîôñîþçû

30

26

28

36

39

38

30

Êðóïíûé áèçíåñ

29

28

20

32

33

34

26

Òåëåâèäåíèå

25

25

25

38

-

-

37

Êîíãðåññ

29

28

29

34

40

40

42

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  “- “ – â âîïðîñ íå âêëþ÷àëîñü.

Äàííûå çà 1973 – 1990 ãã. - The Gallup Poll Monthly, August 1990, p. 31.

Çà 1991 ã. - - The American Enterprise, March – April 1991, p. 79.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß

 

Ê ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÞ

 

1.Ñîâðåìåííàÿ âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà ÑØÀ â 2-õ òîìàõ. Ì. 1987.

2.ßêîâëåâ À.Í. Îò Òðóìýíà äî Ðýéãàíà. Äîêòðèíû è ðåàëèè ÿäåðíîãî âåêà. Ì. 1984.

3.Îâèííèêîâ Ð.Ñ. Çèãçàãè âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè ÑØÀ. Îò Íèêñîíà äî Ðåéãàíà. Ì. 1986.

4.Èñòîðèÿ ÑØÀ. Ò.4, ðåä. Ìàëüêîâ Â.Ë., Ì. 1987.

5.Ïîïîâà Å.È. Âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà ÑØÀ â àìåðèêàíñêîé ïîëèòîëîãèè. Ì. 1987.

6.Ðîãîâ Ñ.Ì. Ñîâåòñêèé Ñîþç è ÑØÀ: ïîèñêè áàëàíñà èíòåðåñîâ. Ì. 1989.

7.Âçàèìíàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü: íîâûé ïîäõîä ê ñîâåòñêî-àìåðèêàíñêèì îòíîøåíèÿì. Ì. 1991.

8. Ëåùåíêî Ë.À., Êðåìåíþê Â.À., Êàðàãàíîâ Ñ.À. Êîíôðîíòàöèÿ èëè äèàëîã. Ñòåðåîòèïû àíòèñîâåòèçìà â ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîëèòèêå ÑØÀ. Êèåâ. 1989.

9. Ñîâåòñêî-àìåðèêàíñêèå îòíîøåíèÿ: ñîñòîÿíèÿ è ïåðñïåêòèâû. Ðåä. Èãðèöêèé Þ.È. Ì., 1989; Âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà íîâîé àäìèíèñòðàöèè ÑØÀ, ÷. 1 è 2, Ì., 1990; Ñîâåòñêî-àìåðèêàíñêèå îòíîøåíèÿ. Âûï. XV, ò 1 è 2. Ì., 1990; Âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà àäìèíèñòðàöèè Äæ. Áóøà. Ðåä. Ìèëüøòåéí Â.Ì. Ì., 1992.

10. Êîçåíêî Á.Ë., Ñåâîñòüÿíîâ Ã.Í. Èñòîðèÿ ÑØÀ. Ñàìàðà, 1994.

11. Óçëîâûå ïðîáëåìû ñîâåòñêî-àìåðèêàíñêèõ è ðîññèéñêî-àìåðèêàíñêèõ îòíîøåíèé â 1933 – 1992 ã.ã. // Íîâàÿ è íîâåéøàÿ èñòîðèÿ. 1992, ¹ 4, ñ.216.

12. Óëåäîâ À.Ê. Îáùåñòâåííîå ìíåíèå ñîâåòñêîãî îáùåñòâà. Ì.,  1953.;  Îí æå,  Ñòðóêòóðà îáùåñòâåííîãî  ìíåíèÿ. Ì.,1968.

13.Ãðóøèí Á.À. Ìíåíèå î ìèðå ìèð ìíåíèé: ïðîáëåìû è ìå­òîäîëîãèè èññëåäîâàíèÿ îáùåñòâåííîãî ìíåíèÿ. Ì., 1967, ñ.60.

14.Êîâàëüçîí Ì.ß. Ìèðîâîççðåíèå è ìîðàëü. Ì.,1964.

15.Ñàôàðîâ Ð.À. Îáùåñòâåííîå ìíåíèå â ñèñòåìå ñîâåòñêîé äåìîêðàòèè. Ì.,  1982.;  Îí æå, Ïîëèòè÷åñêèé ñòàòóñ îáùåñò­âåííîãî ìíåíèÿ // Ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. - 1979. N 4, ñ. 68.

16.Ýòîé "ñìåøàííîé"  ïîçèöèè ïðèäåðæèâàëîñü áîëüøèíñòâî ñîöèîëîãîâ è ôèëîñîôîâ,  ñì.,  íàïð.,  Ãàí÷åâ Ä.  èçó÷åíèå è ôîðìèðîâàíèå îáùåñòâåííîãî ìíåíèÿ. Ì., 1983.

17.Ôèëîñîôñêèé ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé  ñëîâàðü.  Ì.,  1983, ñ.448.

18.Àíèêååâ Â.È.  Îáùåñòâåííîå ìíåíèå  êàê  èñòîðè÷åñêîå ïîíÿòèå. Ì., 1982.

19.Ãåðàñèìîâ Â.Ì.  Ôîðìèðîâàíèå è ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå  îá­ùåñòâåííîãî ìíåíèÿ. Àâòîðåôåðàò íà ñîèñêàíèå ñòåïåíè äîêòîðà ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Ì., 1994.

20.Ïåòðîâñêàÿ Ì.Ì.  Îïðîñû îáùåñòâåííîãî ìíåíèÿ â ÑØÀ è èõ ðîëü â îáùåñòâåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêîé æèçíè ñòðàíû. Äèññåðòà­öèÿ íà  ñîèñêàíèå  ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà èñòîðè÷åñêèõ íàóê,  Ì.-1977.

21.Ïåòðîâñêàÿ Ì.Ì.  Â îòâåò íà âûçîâ âåêà.  Ì., 1988.;

Îíà æå, ÑØÀ ñêâîçü ïðèçìó îïðîñîâ. Ì., 1982.

22.Êóçíåöîâà Ò.Â.  Îáùåñòâåííîå ìíåíèå ÑØÀ ïî ïðîáëåìàì âîéíû è ìèðà. Äèññåðòàöèÿ íà ñîèñêàíèå  ñòåïåíè  êàíäèäàòà èñòîðè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Ì., 1988.

23.Ñåìåíèõèíà Í.Ï.  Ýâîëþöèÿ îáùåñòâåííîãî ìíåíèÿ ÑØÀ â îòíîøåíèè Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Äèññåðòàöèÿ íà ñîèñêàíèå ñòåïå­íè êàíäèäàòà èñòîðè÷åñêèõ íàóê. Ì., 1988.

24.Ìåõàíèçì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ    âíåøíåé    ïîëèòèêè   ÑØÀ. Ðåä. Òðîôèìåíêî Ã.À. è Ïîäëåñíûé Ï.Ò. Ì. 1986.

25.Îáùåñòâåííîå ñîçíàíèå  è âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà ÑØÀ,  ðåä. Áàòàëîâ Ý., Çàìîøêèí Þ., Ìåëüâèëü À.- Ì., 1987.

26.Ëåäîâñêèõ Þ.  Ïðîáëåìû  ó÷àñòèÿ àìåðèêàíñêîé îáùåñò­âåííîñòè â ôîðìèðîâàíèè âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè ÑØÀ. Ì. ,1987.

27.Hoffrnann S.  An American Social Science. Internatio­nal Relations..// Dedalus, 1977, v.l06, no3, pp.41-60.

28.Lippman W.  Essays in the Public  Philosophy. Bos­ton, Little, Brown, 1955, p.20-21.

29.Allport F.H.  Toward  a Science  of  Public  Opini­on. // Public Opinion Quarterly, 1937, V.I, pp. 7-23.

30.Childs H.L. Public Opinion: Nature, Formation & Ro­le. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1965.

3l.Cohen B.C.  Political System, Public Opinion and Foreign  Policy. // International Journal,  1977-78,  v.  33, no l.

32.Qualter Ò.Í.  Opinion  Control  in  the Democracies. London, Basingstoke, 1985, p.1.

33. Monroe A.D.  Public Opinion as a Factor  in  Public Policy    Formation. //    Policy   Studies   Journal, 1978, no 6, pp.542-548.

34. Roberts J.K.   Effects  of  Mass  Communication.  In Q. Lindzey & E.Aronson  /eds./ The Handbook of Social Psyhology, NY: Random House, 1985, p. 539.

35. Oskamp S. Attitudes and Opinions. New Jersey Pren­tice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1991.

36. Almond G.  The American People and Foreign Policy., NY, Harcourt Brace, 1950, p. 5.

37. Stouffer S.A. Communizm, Conformity and Civil Liber­ties.  NY,  Doubleday,1955.; Simon D.M., Ostrom C.W.Jr. The Impact  of Televised Speeche and Foreign Travel on Presiden­tial Approval. // Public Opinion        Quarter­ly. 1989. v.53, pp.58-82; Converce J. Servey Research in the United States:  Roots and Emergence,1890-1960. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1987.

38. Bennett S.  Consistency Among the  Public's  Social Wealfare  Policy  Attitudes in the 1960-s. // American Journal of Political Science. 1973. v.17, pp. 544-570; Kirkpatrick S.  Political Attitude and Behavior. // Midwest Journal of Po­litical Science.1970. v.l4, pp. 1-24; Nie N. & Andersen K. Mass  Belief  System Revisited. // Journal of Politics. 1974. v.36, pp. 540-591.

39. Verba  et  el.  Public Opinion and the War in Viet­nam. //American Political Science Review.1957. v.61, p.322.

40. Modigliany  A.  Isolationism  and  Political  Dist­rust. // American     Political     Science     Review. 1972. v.66, pp.60-78.

41.Patchen M.  Social  Class  and Dimansions of Foreign Policy  Attitudes. // Social  Sciences  Quarterly. 1970.v.51, pp.649-667.

42. Bardes B. & Olderdick R. Beyond Internationalism: A Case for Multiple Dimensions in the Structure  of  Foreign Policy Attitudes. // Social  Science Quarter­ly. 1978. v.59, pp.496- 508.

43. Wittkopf E.R. Faces of Internationalism. Public Opi­nion and American Foreign Policy. Duke Univerûity  Press, Durhan & London, 1990.

44. Holsti O.K. S Rosenau J.N. The Structure of Foreign Policy Attitudes:  American Leaders, 1976-1984. // Journal of Politics. 1990. v. 52, pp. 94-125.

45. Jouans M. Isolationism in America 1935-1941. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1966.

46. Ibid., p.35.

47. Wittcopf E.R.  The Two Faces of Internationalism: Public  Attitudes  Toward  American  Foreign  Policy  in the 1970-s   and    Beyond. //    Social    Science  Quarterly. 1983. v.64, p.288.

48. Cotton T.J. War and American Democracy. // Journal of Conflict Resolution. 1986.v.30, pp.616-635;  Stein A.A. The Nation at War.  Baltimore:  J. Hopkins University  Press, 1990.   Destler I. Our Own Worst Enemy.  NY: Simon & Schuster.1984.

49.Mueller J.E.  War, Presidents and Public Opinion. NY: Willey 1973;  Kernell S.  Explaning  Presidential  Populari­ty. // American Political      Science     Review. 1978. v.79, pp.175-100;  Eichenberg R.  Strategy and Consensus.  In National Security and Arms Control, ed. by E.Kolodziy and P. Morgan. Westport. 1989.

50.Caspary W.  Mood Theory: A Study of Public Opinion and Foreign Policy.  // American Political  Science  Review. 1970, v.  64, pp. 536-547; Graham T.W. The Pattern and Im­portance of Knowledge in Nuclear Age. // Journal of Conflict Resolutions. 1988, v.32  pp.319-334.

51. Ostrom C.  & Jof B. The President and the Political Use of  Force. // American Political Science Revi­ew. 1986, v.80, pp.554-566.

52. Russet B. Controlling the Sword. The Democratic Go­vernance of National Security. Cambridge: Harward University Press, 1990.

53. Mayer  W.  The  Changing  American  Mind. New York. 1992, p.2 .

54. Jensen  M.P. Gender, Sex Roles and Attitudes To­ward War and    Nuclear    Weapons. // Sex Roles.1987, v.17, pp.253-267.

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56.Strikson R.S., Norman N, Luttberg R. American Public Opinion. Its  Origins,  Content  and  Impact., NY: Free Press, 1993.; Bard  M.  The Influence of Ethic Interest  Groups  on American Middle East Policy. WY: Free Press, 1990.

57. Gallup G.  Polls and Political  Process. //  Public Opinion Quarterly. 1965,  v.29, p.548.

58. Wheeler M. Lies, Damn Lies and Statistics: The Ma­nipulation of Public Opinion in America. NY: Liveright, l976.

59. Sudman S.,  Bradburn N.  The Organisational Growth of Public Opinion Research in the United  States. //  Public Opinion Quarterly. 1987, v.57, s.67 - s.78;  Converce J. Survey research in   the  United  States: Roots and  Emergence, 1890-1960, Berkley: University of California Press, 1987.

60. Backstrom  C.  and  Hursh-Cesar  G.  Survey   Rese­arch. (2nd ed.). N: Wiley, 1981.

61. Rossi P., Wright J. & Anderson A. (eds.) Handbook of Survey Research., NY: Academic Press, 1983.

62. Sudman S.  Reducing  the  Cost  of  Surveys. Chi­cago: Aldine, 1967.

63.Scuman H. 5r Kalton G. Survey Methods. In Lindrey G. &  Aronson  E.  (eds.)  The  Handbook  of  Social   Psyhology., v.l, pp. 635- 677, 3rd ed., NY: Random House, 1939;   Cahalan D.  The Digest Poll Rides Again. // Public Opinion Quar­terly. 1989, v. 53, pp. 129-133.

64.Bishop G., Oldendick  R. & Tuchfarber A.  Effects of Presenting One Versus Two Sides of an Issue in Survey  Ques­tions. // Public Opinion Quarterly.1932, v.46, pp.69-85; Frankel M.R.  Fifty Years of Survey Sampling in  the  United States. // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1987, v.51, s.s.l27 - l38.

65.Berkowitz I.  ed.  Advances in  Experimental  Social Psychology NY:  Academic Press,  1980;  Wyner G.A. Responce Erros in Selfreported Number of Arrests. // Sociological Met­hods & Research. 1980, v. 9, pp. 151-177.

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67. Woolf F.  Meta-Analysis.  Beverly Hills Sage, 1989; Mock C.,  Weisberg H.F.  Political Innumerancy:  Encounters with Coincidence, Improbability and Chager //American Journal of Political Science. 1992, v.36, no 4, pp.1023-46.

68.Kegley Ch.  & Wittkopf E. American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process. NY: St. Martin's, 1987, p.36.

69.Gonover P.J. & Feldman S.  How People Organize the Political World:  A Schematic Model. // American Journal  of Political Science, no 28, pp.95-126.

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K ÃJIABE 1

1. Crespi I.  Polls as Journalism // Public Opinion Qu­arterly, 1980, v.44,  p.462-476;  Beniger J.R.  The Popular Symbolic Repertoire and Mass Communication // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1983, v. 47, p. 479-484.

2. Sheatsley P.B.  Public Opinion - A weekly Journal // Public Opinion Qarterly. 1977, v. 41, p. 400-401.

3. Gallup G.H.  The Gallup Poll:  Public Opinion 1979, Wilmington, D.E.: Scholarly Resources, 1980.

4. Squire P.  Why The 1936 Literary Digest Poll Failed? // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1988, v. 52, p. 125-133.

5. Cahalan  D.  The Digest Poll Rides Again // Public Opinion Quarterly.-1989, v. 53, p. 129-133.

6. Rossi P.H., Wright J.D. 8r Anderson H.B. (eds.) Hand­book of Survery Research. New York: Academic Press, 1983.

7. Gallup G.H. The Sophisticated Poll Watcher's Guide. Princeton, N J: Prinoeton Opinion Press, 1976.

8. Ibid, p 102.

9. Wheeler M. Lies, Damn Lies, and Statisticts: The Ma­nipulation of Public Opinion in America. NY: Liveright, 1976.

10.Bogart L. Silent Politics: Polls and the awareness of Public Opinion. NY: Willey - Interscience, 1972.

11.Gore A. Political Public Opinion Polls. Congressional Record, 1960, no 106, p. 16959.

12.Hennessy B.C. Public Opinion (3rd ed.), North Scituate, MA: Duxbury, 1975.

I3.Altsohuler B.E. Lyndon Johnson and the Public Polls // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1986, v. 50, p. 285-299.

14.Beal R.S. & Hinckley R.H. Presidential Decision Ma­king and Opinion Polls.// The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1984, no 47, p. 72.

15.Àíäðååâà Ã.Ì. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ïñèõîëîãèÿ. – 2-å èçä., äîï., M., 1988, c.71.

16.Steeh C.G. Trends in Nonresponse Rates 1952-1979 // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1981, v. 45, p. 40 – 57.

17.Oskamp S. Attitudes and Opinions. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991, p. 85.

18.Ibid, p 92.

19.Gallup Report, 1988, Desember, no 279.

20.ßäîâ Â.À. Ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. M., 1987.

21.Robert M.Y. Telephone Helps Solve Survey Problems // Institute For Social Research Newsletter, v 6, 1978, p 3.

22.Groves R.M.  & Kahn R.L. Survey by Telephone: A Natio­nal Comparison with Personal Interview. NY: Academic Press 1979; Schuman H. and Kalton Y. Survey Methods. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (eds.) The Handbook of Social Psychology (3rd ed.) NY: Random House,     1985, v.1, p. 637-697.

23.Lavrakas P.J.      Telephone  Survey  Methods.   Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1987.

24.Áóòåíêî È.À. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå íîâûõ òåõíîëîãèé ïðè îïðîñàõ. // ÑÎÖÈÑ, 2000, ¹ 10, ñ. 118.

25. Òàì æå, ñ. 120.

26.Groves R.M. & Mathiowetz N.A. Computer Assisted Te­lephone Interviewing:  Effects  on  Interviewers  and Respon­dents. // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1984, v. 48, p.356-369.

27.Field M.  Do  Opinion Polls Make Policy or Vice-Versa? // Pacific News Service. July 31. 1989.

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30.Worcester R.M.  Pollsters,  the Press, and Political Polling in Britain // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1980, v. 44, p. 548-566.

31.ßäîâ Â.À. Ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. M.,1987.

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35.Schuman H. & Kalton Y. Survery  Methods. In Y. Lindzey & E. Aronson (eds.) The  Handbook  of  Social Psychology (3rd ed.) v.1, NY: Random House, 1985, p 643.

36.Ibid., p 672.

37.Bishop Y.,  Tuchfurber A.  & Oldendich R.W. Opinions on Fictious Issues: The Pressure To Answer Survey, Questions // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1986, v. 50, p. 240-250.

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40.Bancroft Y.  & Welch  E.H.  Recent  Experience  with Problems of  Labor  Force  Measurement // Journal of the Am. Statistic Association v.41 p.303-312.

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43.Osgood C.E.  Method and Theory in Experimental Psyc­hology, New York, 1953.

44.ßäîâ Â.À. Ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. - M.,1987.

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46.Steeh C.G.  Trends Nonresponse  Rates  1952-1979  // Public Opinion Quarterly, 1986 v. 45, p. 40-57.

47.Gdroves R.M.  & Mathiowetz N.A. Computer Assisted Te­lephone Interviewing: Effects on Interviewers & Respondents // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1984, v. 48, p. 356-369.

48.Fox P.J., Crask M.R.  & Kim J.  Mail Survey Response Rate: A Meta - Analysis of Selected Techniques for Inducing Response  // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1988, v.52, p.467-491.

49.Perry P.  Certain problems in Election Survey Metho­dology // Public Opinion Quarterly.1979, v.43, p.312-325.

50.Malvin J. & Moskowitz J.M. Anonymous Versus Identifiable Self-Reports of Adolescent Drug Attitudes Agenda Set­ting. // American Political Science Review.1984,  v. 78, p. 641-657.

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53.Bradburn N.M. & Sudman S. Improving Interview Method and Questionnaire Design. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1979.

54.Cannell et al.  Research on Interviewing Techniques. In S.Leinhardt (ed.) Sociological Methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981.

55.Oskamp S.  Attitudes and Opinions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991, p.79.

56.Katz D. Do Interviewers Bias Poll Results? // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1982, v.46, p.248-268.

57.Ehrlich J.S.  & D. Riesman.  Age and Authority in the Interview. // Public Opinion Quarterly.1961, v.25, p.39-56.

58. Silver B.D.  & Abramson P.R. Who Overreports Voting? // American Political Science Review.1988, v.80, p7613-624.

59.Campbell B.A.  Race-of-Interviewer Effects Among Southern Adolescents. // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1981, v.45, p.231-244.

60.Weeks M.F. & Moore R.P. Ethnicity-of-Interviewer Effects on Ethnic Respondents. // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1981, v.45, p.245-249.

61.Cotter E. Race-of-Interviewer Effects on Telephone Interviews. // Public Opinion Quarterly. 1982, v.46, p.278-284.

62.Schuman H. & Kalton Y. Survey Methods. In Y. Lindsey & E. Aronson (eds.) The Handbook of Social Psychology, v.1, 1985, NY: Random House, p. 365-697.

63.Turner C.F. & Martin E. Surveys of Subjective Pheno­mena: Summary Report. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1981.

64.Beal R.S. & Hinckley R.H. Presidential Decision-Ma­king and Opinion Polls. // The Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science. 1984, v.47, p.72-84.

65.Field M.D. Political Opinion Polling in the United States of America. In Worcester R.M. (ed.) Political Opinion Polling: An International Review.  New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983, p.198-228.

66.Roll C.W., Cantril A.H. Polls: Their Use and Misuse

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67. Worcester R.M. The Internalization of Public Opinion Research. // Public Opinion Quarterly.   1987, v. 51.

68. Conway M. The Use of Polls in Congressional, State & Local Elections. // Annals of the American Academy of Politi­cal and Social Science.  1984, no 472, p.97-105.

69. Gallup G. Polls and Political Process: Past, Pre­sent and Future. // Public Opinion Quarterly, 1965, v.29, p.544-549.

 

 

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3. The American Enterprise July/August 1990,p.95; The Gallup Poll Monthly, Febriary 1991,p.12

4. Nielsen Media Research Report on TV, 1992, p.9.

5. Kegley Ch.W. Jr. and Wittkopf E.R./1989/ World Poli­tics: Trend and Transformation. New York: St.Martin's, p.46.

6.  Ibid.  p. 47.

7.  The Gallup Poll Monthly, June 1991, p.46.

8.  Caspary W.R. The Mood Theory: A Study of Public Opi­nion and Foreign Policy// American Political Science Review 64 /1974/, p.546.

9.   Cì. Òàáëèöó 10 ïðèëîæåíèÿ.

10. Rielly J.E., ed. /1987/ American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1987. Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, p. 16.

11. Ibid. p. 16.

12. Ibid. p. 18.

13. Ibid. p. 18.

14. Ibid. p. 24.

15.  Americans Talk Security /1989/ Compendium, Bos­ton: Americans Talk Security, p.55.

16. Americans Talk Security, A Series of Surveys of Ame­rican Voters: Attitudes Concerning National Security Issu­es, National Survey no.8, August. Full Survey Re­port. Storrs: Connecticut, p.201.

17.  Ibid. p. 202.

18.  Ibid. p. 203,

19. Maynes Ch. America's Third World Hand. Ups. // Foreign Policy, New York, 1988 no 71, p.136.

20. A Compendium of Survey Data. The NORC Social Sur­vey, New York 1989, no.1.24, p.259.

21. Ibid, no 1.25, p.259.

22. Winham G.R. /1970/, Developing Theories of Foreign Po­licy Making: A Case Study of Foreign Aid // Journal of Poli­tics 32 /Feb./, p.49.

23. Ibid. , p.50.

24. Americans Talk Security. Martilla  and Kelley for ATS no3, Aug. 1988, Full Survey Report, Storrs, Connecticut, p.267.

25. Americans Talk Security. Market Opinion Research for ATS no 2 1985, no l2  l988, no l3 1990. Full Survey Re­port, Storrs, Connecticut.

26.The Gallup Poll Monthly, 1991 August, p.143.

27.The American Enterprise,  January/Febriary 1990, p90.

28. A Compendium of Survey Data. The NORC Social Survey, New York 1989, no 1.8, p.250.

29. Ibid. No 1.9, p.250.

30. Ibid. No 1.10, p.251.

31. NORC, General Social Survey, Chicago University Press 1991, p. 102.

32. Ibid. p. 102.

33. Ibid. p. 103,

34. Ibid. p. 104.

35. Political Issues in America. The 1990s. Ph.J. Davies & F.A. Waldstein ed. Manchester University Press, 1991, p.175.

36. Americans Talk Security. National Survey no 9, Oct. 1988, Full Survey Report, Storrs, Connecticut, p.240.

37. Ibid. P. 241.

38. Ibid. P. 242.

39.Sigelman L. The Commander in Chief and the Pub­lic. // Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 1980 No 8. P.1 – 4.

40. Americans Talk Security. National Survey No 12.  January 1989. Full Survey Report. P. 247.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid. p. 250.

43. Ibid. p.251.

44. Ibid. p.251.

45. Ibid. p. 252.

46.Political Issues in America..., Op. Cit., p.178.

47.Maynes CM.W. /1990/ America without the "Cold War” // Foreign Policy, no 78 /spring/, 1990, p. 5.

48.Fazio R.H. & Zanna M.P. /1981/ Direct experience & Attitude Behavior Consistency. In L.Berkowits /ed./ Advances in Experimental Social Psychology / Vol.14, pp. 161-202. New York: Academic Press.

49.Higgins E.T. & Bargh J.A. /1987/ Social Cognition and Social Perception. // Annual Review of Psycholo­gy, no 38, pp. 369-425.

50.Fiske S.T. & Taylor S.E. /1984/ Social Cognition. Rea­ding. MA: Addison-Wesley.

51.Hurwitz J. & Peffley M. /1987/ How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model. // American Poli­tical Science Review no 81 /December/, pp.1099-1120.

52.Kegley Ch.W.Jr. & Wittkopf E.R. /1989/ World Poli­tics: Trend and Transformation. New York: St.Martin's.

53.Weber R. & Crocker J. /1983/ Cognitive process in the Revision of Stereotypic Beliefs. // Journal of Personali­ty and Social Psychology, 45, pp. 961-977.

54.Kirkpatrick J.J. /1976/ The New Presidential Elite. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Holmes J.E. /1985/ The Mo­od/Interest Theory of American Foreign Policy. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press; Mills C.W. /1956/ The Power Elite. New York: 0xford University Press; Neuman W.R. /1986/ The Paradox of Mass Politics: Knowledge and Opinion in the Ameri­can Electorate. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

55.Miller A.H., Wattenberg M.P.& Malanchuk O. /1986/ Schematic Assessments of Presidential Candidates. // American Political Science Review, no 80, p.521-540.

56.Erikson R.S.& Luttberg N.R. /1993/ American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Content & Impact. Florida University Press.

57.Luttberg N.R. ed. /1981/ Public Opinion and Public Policy. Itasca. III: Peacock; Kegley Ch.W.Jr. & Wittkopf E.R. /1987/ American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process. New York: St. Martin's.

58.Gallup G.H. /1972/ The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935- 1971, New York: Random House, p.132.

59.Bruner J.S. /1944/ Mandate from the People. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce. p.106.

60.Walsh W.B. /1944/ What the American People Think of Russia. Public Opinion Quarterly, no 8, p.517.

61. Gallup G.H. /1972/ The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935- 1971, New York: Random House, p.194.

62. Ibid.  p. 134.

63. Buchanan W. & Cantril H. /1953/ How Nations See Each Other. Urban: University of Illinois Press, p.72.

64. Ibid.  p. 73.

65. Ibid.  p. 75.

66.Smith M.B., Bruner J.S. & White R.W. /1956/ Opinions and Personality. New York: Wiley, p.65.

67.Festinger L. /1948/ A Study of Rumor: Its Origin and Spread // Human Relations, no l, pp.464-486.

68.A Compendium of Survey Data. The NORC Social Survey,  New York, p.197.

69. Ibid.  p. 499.

70.Public Opinion, 1988, September/October, p.25.

71.Yankelovich Group /1988/ A Series of Surveys of Ame­rican Voters: Attitudes Concerning National Security Issu­es. New York: Author, p.43.

72. Ibid.  p.44.

73.Voter Opinions on Nuclear Arms Policy: A Briefly Bo­ok for the 1984 Elections. New York: Public Agenda Foundati­on, 1984, p. 207.

74.Americans Talk Security. Market Opinion Research for ATS, no 12, December 1988. Full Survey Report. Storrs. Connecticut.

75.The American Enterprise, Jan./Feb. 1990, p.91.

76.Americans Talk Security. Martilla & Kelley for ATS no 4, August 1988, Full Survey Report, Storrs, Connecticut, p. 272.

77.Voter Opinions on Nuclear Arms Policy; A Briefly Bo­ok for the 1984 Elections. New York: Public Agenda Foundati­on, 1984 p. 163.

78.Chromsky N. /1985/ Turning the Tide. Boston: South End, p.89.

79. Ibid.  p. 111.

80.Page B.I. & Shapiro R.Y. /1983/ Effects of Public Opinion on Policy. //American Political Science Revi­ew, no77, p. 175

81.Fiske S.T.& Neuberg S.L. /1990/ A Continuum of Imp­ression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Pro­cesses. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Zanna M.P. New York: Academic Press.

82.Hesse P. /1988/ The Development of Enemy Images: Universal and Culture-Specific Themes.  // Center Review /Cambrid­ge M.A., no 2 (2), p.6.

83.Hess R.D.S Torney J.V. /1967/ The Development of Po­litical Attitudes in Children. Chicago: Aldine.

84.Dalton R.J. /1988/ Citizen Politics in Western Democ­racies. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

85.Hurwitz J. & Peffley M. /1987/ How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model. // American Poli­tical Science Review, no81, pp.1099-1120.

86. Ibid., p.1112.

87.Finley D.J., Holsti O.R., Fagen R.R.  /1997/. Enemies in Po­litics. Chicago: Rand Mc  Nally.

88. Ibid., p.7.

89.Rosenberg M.J. /1967/ Attitude Change and Foreign Po­licy in the Cold War Era. In J.N. Roseau /ed./ Domestic So­urces of Foreign Policy. New York: Academic Press, pp. 111 – 159.

90.Burn S.M. & Oskamp S. /1989/ In-group Biases and the US - Soviet Conflict. // Journal of Social Issues, no 45/2, p.73-89

9l.Sande G.N, GoethaIs G.R., Ferrari L. & Worth L.T. /1939/ Value-guided Attributions; Maintaining the Moral Self-image and the Diabolical Enemy-image. // Journal of Soci­al Issues, no45 /2/, pp.91-118.

92.Morse M.C. & Allport F.H. /1952/ The Causation of An­ti-Semitism. // Journal of Psychology, no34, pp.197-233.

93.Heinz D. /1983/ The Struggle to Define America. In The New Christian Right, ed. Liebrnan R.C. New York: Aldine Publ. Co, p.44.

94.Finley D.J., Holsti O.R. & Fagen R. /1997/ Enemies in Politic Chicago: Rand McNally, p.41.

95.Himmelstein J.L. /1983/ The Mew Right. In The New Christian Right, ed. Liebrnan R.S. New York: Aldine Publishing Co, p.67

96.Conover P.S. Feldman S. /1986/ Religion, Morality and Politics; Moral Traditionalism in the .1980's, New York: Gre­enwood .

97.Herrmann R. /1986/ The Power of Perceptions in Fore­ign Policy Decision-Making. // American Journal of Political Science no 30, pp. 831-875.

98.Political Issues in America: the 1990's. Davies Ph.J.S. Waldstein F.A. /ed./, Manchester University Press. 1991.p.178.

99.Klinberg 0. /1984/ Public Opinion  and  Nuclear War // American Psychologist, no 39, pp. 1245-1253.

100.Smith T.W. /1988/ The Polls: Nuclear Anxiety // Public Opinion Quarterly, v.52, p.557.

101.The Gallup Report, 1986, no255, p. 17.

102.A Compendium of Survey Data, The NORC Social Sur­vey, New York, 1389,p.565.

103. Ibid.  p. 562-553.

104. Ibid.  p. 560.

105.Smith T.W. /1988/ The Polls: Nuclear Anxiety //Public Opinion Quarterly, v.52, p.572.

106.Ibid. p. 577.

107.Opinions'90. Extracts from Public Opinion Surveys & Polls Conducted by Business, Government Professional and News Organizations // ed. by Mike CJ & Weilant T. Detro­it 1991, p. 146.

108.Ibid. p. 148.

109.Ibid.

110.A Compendium..., Op. Cit.p.558.

111.Ibid.  p. 570.

112.Americans Talk Security. Martilla & Kelley for ATS. No 3, 1987, Full Survey Report, Storrs, Connecticut, p.164.

113.America's Global Interests. Ed. by Hamilton K., 1989, New York, London, p. 286.

114.Ëåñ Ýñïèí. Âûñòóïëåíèå 16 ìàÿ 1993 ã. ïåðåä âûïóñêíèêàìè êîëëåäæà Áåëóà, øòàò Âèñêîíñèí // ÑØÀ: ýêîíîìèêà, ïîëèòèêà, èäåîëîãèÿ, 1993, N9, c.l3,

115.Public Opinion, March/April 1988, pp.24-25.

116.Ibid.

117.The Gallup Poll Monthly, January 1990, p.9.

118.Ibid. p. 10.

119.Ibid. p.11.

120.An American Profile - Opinions and Behavior, 1972-1989, Wood F.W. /ed./, 1990, Detroit, New York: General Social Survey Conducted by NGRC. p. 427.

121.The Gallup Report, 1989, no 280, Jan., p.13.

122.The Gallup Report, 1988, no 270, March, p.20.

123.Ibid p.l9.

124.Ibid p.23.

125.Ibid p.21.

126.Mueller J.E. /1973/ War, President and Public Opinion, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

127.Sigelman L./1990/ The President, the Public and the INF Treaty // Public Opinion Quarterly, v. 54, pp.37-47.

128.Piaget J. /1952/ The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International Universities Press.

129.Silverstein B. & Flamenbaum C. /1989/ Biases in the Perception and Cognition of the Actions of Enemies // Jour­nal of Social Issues, no 45/2/, pp.51-72,

130.The Gallup Poll, 1991, p.178.

13l. Ibid.  p. 179.

132.Yankelcvich D. /1991/ Coming to Public Judgment. Ma­king Democracy Work in a Complex World. Syracuse University Press, p. 142.

133.New York Times.Dec.3 1989, sec. A, p. 29.

134.Harris L. & Associates Survey for Business We­ek, Nov.13, 1989.

135.The Gallup Report 1989, no 291, December, p.7.

136.NBC News/Wall Street Journal surveys. December 4, 1989.

137.The Gallup Poll Monthly, May 1990, p.18.

138.Ibid.  p. 19.

139.The Gallup Poll Monthly, May 1990, p.22. The Gallup Poll Monthly, Oct. 1991, p. 18.

140.Americans Talk Security. National Survey no 7, July 1988, Full Survey Report, Storrs, Connecticut, p.251.

141.A Compendium of Survey Data. The NORC Social Survey, New York, p. 76.

142.Wittkopf E. /1990/ Faces of Internationalism. Durham: Duke University Press, p.168.

143.Ibid. p. 169.

144.A Compendium of Survey Data. The NORC Social Sur­vey. New York, p. 79.

145.Ibid. p. 79.

146.Ibid. p. 80.

147.Ibid. p. 81,

148.The American Enterprise, Jan./Feb. 1990, p.93.

149.Ibid. p. 94.

150.The Gallup Poll Monthly, August 1991, p.18.

151.The American Enterprise, Jan./Feb. 1990, p.92.

152.Time/Cable News Network, October, 1989.

153.The Harris Survey, Aug. 24, 1989.

154.Americans Talk Security. National Survey no 2, Feb.1988, Full Survey Report, Storrs, Connecticut, p21.

155.CBS News/New York Times Survey, May 1989.

156.Burn S.M. & Oskamp S. /1989/ In-group Biases and the U.S.- Soviet Conflict // Journal of Social Issues, no 45/2/, pp. 73-89.

157.The Gallup Poll Monthly, July, 1991, p.17,

158.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Aug., 1991, p.18.

159.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Aug.1991, p.21.

160.Ibid. p.24.

161.Ibid. p.23.

162.Ibid. p.25.

163.Ibid. p.22.

164.The Gallup Poll, 1991, p.143.

165.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Aug. 1991, p.19.

166.Ibid.  p21.

167.The Gallup Poll Monthly, April 1992,p.23.

168.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Aug. 1991, p.24.

169.The Gallup Poll Monthly, April.1992, p.22.

170.Ibid. p.23.

171.Americans Talk Security. Market Strategies Inc. for ATS, no 13, 1990, Report, Codebook & Machinery-readable Data Set Circulated by Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. Storrs. Connecticut.

172.Ibid.  March 1990.

173.Ibid.  Febriary 1990.

174.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Jan. 1991, p.9.

175.Ibid.p.10.

176.Ibid. p.11.

177.Ibid. p.12.

178.Public Opinion, 1991, p.201.

179.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Jan. 1991, p. 22.

180.Hurwitz J. & Peffley /1987/ How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? Hierarchical Model // American Politi­cal Science Review, no 81, pp.1099-1120.

 

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2. Schelling T. Strategy of Conflict. NY, 1970.

3. On  the Creation    of    Just   World   Order. NY, 1975, pp.151, 169, 172

4. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents. Washington, 1977, vol. 12, no 10, p. 774.

5. Ibid. Vol.14, no 8, p.542.

6. Burnham W.B. The 1980 Earthquake: Realignment or What? // The Hidden Election. Ed. by Ferguson T.K. & Rogers J.NY: 1981, p.107.

7. The Future and President Reagan. Ed. by Valis W. Westport, /Conn./, 1981, p. 116.

8. Cline R.S. World Power Trends and US Foreign Policy for the 1980's. Boulder (Co.1), 1980, p.8.

9. Gross T. Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America. NY, 1980, p. 134.

10. Áîëüøàêîâà À.Å. Ñîâðåìåííûé àìåðèêàíñêèé êîíñåðâàòèçì è âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà.M. , 1991, C.24.

11.Gibert T., Jois P. Global Interference: The Consistent Pattern of American Foreign Policy. London, 1981, p.11.

12.Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents. Was­hington, 1984, vol. 10, no3, p.331.

13.National Security Strategy of The United States. The White House,  Jan.1988, p.34.

14. Ôðîëîâ À.Â. Ïðîáëåìû ðåãèîíàëüíûõ êîíôëèêòîâ. // Ñîâåòñêî-àìåðèêàíñêèå îòíîøåíèÿ. Ðåôåðàòèâíûé ñáîðíèê. Âûï.XIV, c.135.

15.Wolf Ch. Moscow: Playing: New Game in the Gulf. //Wall Street Journal, NY 1986,May 5, p.3.

16.Sciolino E.  Fallout:  Moscow Strikes to Prevent Humiliation // New York Times, 1989,Febr.5, p.4.

17.Sestanovich S., Goldberg A., Fukuyama F., et. al. Coping with Gorbachev's Soviet Union., Washington, 1988, pp. 27-28.

18.Goldberg A., van Opstal D. Persian Gulf: End of Ira­nian Crusade? // Christian Science Monitor, Boston. 1988, May 17, p.2.

19.Halliday F. Beyond Irangate: The Reagan Doctrine at the Third World. Amsterdam, 1987, p. 32.

20.Weinberger C.  Annual Report of the Secretary of Defense to the Congress on FY-1987 Budget, FY-1988 Authoriza­tion Request and FY-1987-1991 Defense Programs. Washington, 1986, p.65.

21.Êàðïû÷åâ Â. Ìèñòåð «Çåò» è åãî ïðîãíîçû. // Ïðàâäà. 1990, 2 ôåâðàëÿ.

22.Mayenes Gh.  America's Third World Hang. Ups // Foreign Policy, NY, 1988, no71, p .117.

23.Ibid. p. 119.

24.Sestanovich S., Goldberg A., Fukuyama F., et.al. Coping with Gorbachev's Soviet Union. Washington, 1988, p. 35.

25.Spence J.  Recovering Dominance?  The US and Latin America in the 1990s. // Political Issues in America. The 1990s. Ed. by Davies J. & Waldstein F.A., 1991. Manchester Uni­versity Press, p. 190.

26.Pastor P.A. The Centrality of Central America. // Looking Back on the Reagan Presidency. Ed. by Berman L., The

J. Hopkins University Press, 1990, p.34.

27.Public Opinion, September-October, 1987, p.25.

28.Sobel R.  The Poll: Public Opinion about US Intervention in El Salvador and Nicaragua. // Public Opinion Quar­terly, vol. 53, p. 115.

29.Public Opinion. September-October, 1987,p.25.

30.Ibid. p. 26.

31.A Compendium of Surveys Data. The NORC Social Surveys, New York, 1989, p. 33.

32.Page B.I.  The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in American's Policy Preferences. 1992,p.275.

33.Public Opinion. September-October. 1987, p.59.

34.Public Opinion. September-October. 1988, p.23.

35.Public Opinion. September-October. 1987, p.60.

36.The Gallup Report, July 1988, p.32.

37.Bishop G.F. et.al. Change in the Structure of Ameri­can Political Attitudes: The Nagging Question of Question Wording. // American Journal of Political Science, no 22, p. 220-232.

38.Sigelman L.  The President, the Public and INF Treaty // Public Opinion Quarterly, 1990, Vol. 54, pp.37-47.

39.Manipulating Public Opinion. Ed. by Margolis M., New York: Soringer-Verlag, 1989, P.335.

40.Page B.I. The Rational Public. Op. Cit. p. 277.

41.Public Opinion. September-October, 1987, p.24.   

42.Ibid.

43.Page B.I. The Rational Public.Op.Cit.278.

44.Ibid. p. 282.

45.Manipulating Public Opinion, Ed. by Margolis M., New York: Springer-Varlag, 1989, p.338.

46.Opinions’90. Extracts from Public Opinion Surveys Polls Conducted by Business, Government, Professional & News Organizations. Ed. by Miko C.J. & Weilant R., Detroit, 1991, p. 343.

47.Âñå äàííûå ïðèâåäåíû ïî ãàçåòå Íüþ-Éîðê Òàéìñ, óêàçàííûå â òåêñòå äàòû.

48.NewYork Time Index, in Lexis/Nexis Data Archive.

49. Ñì. òàáëèöó 3.6 Ïðèëîæåíèÿ.

50. Ñì. òàáëèöó 3.7. Ïðèëîæåíèÿ.

51. Will D.S. United States Policy in the Middle East. // Political Issues in America. The 1990s. Ed. by Davis J. & Waldstein F. A., 1991, Manchester University Press, p. 218.

52.The Middle East. Ed. by Diller D.C. Washington D.C. Congressional Quarterly. 1990,p.69.

53.Diller D.C.  Whatever Become of Big, Bad OPEC? // Los Angeles Times, 10 July 1990.

54.Hauler J.  Israeli Foreign Policy: South Africa & Central America. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1987, p.39.

55.Beit-Hallahmi B.  The Israeli Connection: Why Israel Arms & Why. Third edition, NY: Pantheon Books, 1989, p.196.

56.Looking Back on the Reagan Presidency. Ed. by Berman L., The J. Hopkins University Press, 1990, p. 54.

57.The Gallup Poll Monthly, August 1991,p.27.

58.Ibid, p. 28.

59.Los Angeles Times Poll, March-April 1988, p.3.

60. cì. Òàáëèöó 3.11 Ïðèëîæåíèÿ.

61.The Gallup Poll Monthly, March 1991, p.37.

62.Opinion's 90.  Extracts from Public Opinion Surve­ys. Op. cit. P. 143.

63.Ibid.

64.The Gallup Poll Monthly, March 1991, p.36.

65.Ibid, p.35.

66.Ibid, p.35.

67.Ibid, p.36.

68.Opinion'90. Extracts from Public Opinion Surveys. Op. cit., p.145.

69.Will D.S.   United States Policy in the Middle East // Political Issues in America. The 1990s. Ed. by Davis J. & Waldstein F.A., 1991,Manchester University Press, p.223.

70.The Lobby: Jewish Political Power and American Fo­reign Policy. Ed. by Tivnan, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1989, p.184.

71.Will D.S. United States Policy..., Op. Cit. p.224.

72.Rubenberg Ch.A. Israel and American Rational Interest:

A Critical Examination. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1990, p.19-20, 375.

73.Public Opinion, July-August 1988, pp.53-56.

74.Êîçåíêî Á.Ä., Ñåâîñòüÿíîâ Ã.Í. Èñòîðèÿ ÑØÀ. Ñàìàðà,1994,c.428.

75.CBS News/ New York Times Poll, May 1988.

76.The American Enterprise, November-December, 1990, p.90.

77.Roper Reports, 1990,no 1.

78.The American    Enterprise,              November-December 1990, p.91.

79.Ibid, p.89.

80.Ibid, p.91.

81.Ibid, p.91.

82.Ibid, p.90.

83.Ibid, p.90.

84. Ibid, p.91.

85.CDS News / New York Times Poll,    May 1988.

86.CBS News/New York Times Poll, June 5-8,1990.

87.Õîçèí Ã.Ñ. ÑØÀ â ìèðå 90-õ ãîäîâ.M. 1990, c.34.

88.NBC News/ Wall Street Journal Poll, September 15-18,1990.

89.People Weekly, Jan. 8, Vol.33, not, p.58

90.Will D.S. United States Policy in the East // Politi­cal Issues in America. The 1990s.,ed.by Davis J. & Walstein F.A., 1991, Manchester University Press, p. 227.

91.Ëèññ À. Âîéíà â Ïåðñèäñêîì çàëèâå êàê ìîäåëü «íîâîé» âîéíû. // ÑØÀ: ýêîíîìèêà, ïîëèòèêà, èäåîëîãèÿ. 1995. ¹ 4, c.94.

92.Âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà àäìèíèñòðàöèè Äæ. Áóøà, ðåä. Áåðåæêîâà È.À. M., 1992, c.67.

93.Ïîïîâ È.Ì. Áóðÿ â ïóñòûíå. M., 1992, c.12.

94.Ëèññ À. Óêàç. Ñî÷.

95.Ïîïîâ È.Ì. Óêàç. Ñî÷., ñ.4.

96. Âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà Äæ. Áóøà. M., 1992, c.10.

97.Êîçåíêî Á.Ä., Ñåâîñòüÿíîâ Ã.Í., óêàç. ñî÷., ñ. 442.

98.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Feb. 1991, p. II. 99.Ibid, p.10.

100.Watanabe P.  A New Beginning?  The End of Cold War and American Foreign Policy. // Political Issues of America, Op. Cit., p.178.

101.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Jan.1991, p.21.

102.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Feb. 1991,p.11.

103.Êîçåíêî Á.Ä., Ñåâîñòüÿíîâ Ã.Í. Óêàç. Ñî÷., c.442.

104.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Jan. 1991,p.29.

105.The Gallup Poll, 1990,pp.172-173.

106.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Feb.1991, p.33.

107.Ibid.

108.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Jan.1991, p.22.

109.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Aug.1990, p.10.

110.The Gallup Poll Monthly, May 1990,p.16.

111.The Gallup Poll Monthly, July 1991,p.34.

112.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Sept.1990, p.27.

113.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Jan. 1991,p.26.

114.The Gallup Poll Monthly, March 1991,p.27.

115.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Jan. 1991,p.22.

116.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Feb.1991, p.2.

117.The Gallup Poll Monthly, March 1991,P.27.

118.Ibid, p.28.

119.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Jan. 1991,p.22.

120.Ibid.

121.The Gallup Poll Monthly, July 1091,p.39.

122.Ibid, p.34.

123.Ibid, p.40.

124.Ibid, p.41.

125.The Gallup Poll Monthly. August 1990. P.31; The Ame­rican Enterprise. March-April 1991. P.79.

126.The Gallup Poll Monthly, August 1991,p.35.

127.The Gallup Poll, 1991, p.71

128.Ibid, p.72.

129.Ibid, p.74.

130.Êîçåíêî Á.Ä., Ñåâîñòüÿíîâ Ã.Í. Óêàç. Ñî÷.,c.444.

131.The Gallup Poll Monthly, Jan. 1991, p.30.

 

 

 

Ê ÇÀÊËÞ×ÅÍÈÞ.

1. Boston Globe, 3 August 1991.

2. Finlay D.J.  Holsty O.R., Fagen R.R. Enemies in Po­litics. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1987, p.175.

 

 

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